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| All roads lead to Rome - what does this mean? | What caused the decline of the Western Roman Empire? |
| Barbarian | Who was Attila the Hun? |
| When did the Western Roman Empire end? | The Middle Ages began when... |
| Aqueducts | The Dark Ages - what was it? |
| Internal conflicts among powerful Roman generals, economic difficulties, and invasions by non-Roman groups contributed to the decline of the Western Roman Empire beginning around 200 CE. | During the Roman Empire, Rome was the center of power and roads from all over Europe led to it, enabling the spread of ideas, laws, goods, and soldiers. |
| The fearsome leader of the Huns, known for his military skill and the destruction his armies wrought across Europe in the 5th century. | A term used by the Romans to describe non-Greek and non-Latin speaking people living outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire. |
| ...the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 CE. However, for most people, daily life continued much as before. | The Western Roman officially ended in 476 CE, when a German king, Odoacer, attacked Rome and deposed the emperor. |
| A term used by Renaissance writers to describe the early Middle Ages (500-800 CE), characterized by a perceived decline in learning and skills. Modern historians offer a more balanced view. | Raised canals used to carry water and people, often falling into disrepair due to lack of central government funding during the Middle Ages. |
| The Visigoths sacked Rome - then what? | Why did the Bishop of Rome gain power after the fall of the Western Roman Empire? |
| Why are French, Spanish, and Italian called Romance languages? | What did Pope Leo I claim? |
| The Eastern Roman Empire - also known as? | What event occured in 1054? |
| Saint Benedict of Nursia | Monasteries |
| With the absence of a strong central government, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) stepped in to provide leadership and organization, eventually claiming authority over the entire Christian Church. | They moved westward into present-day France and then Spain and Portugal, settling into a primarily agricultural life. |
| He claimed the Pope as the Bishop of Rome has power from Jesus himself, passed down through Saint Peter. | They developed from the Latin language spoken during the Roman Empire. |
| The differences between the bishops of Rome and Constantinople led to a split in the Christian church. This split resulted in the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East. | Also known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital in Constantinople, maintained a more Greek culture and did not accept the Bishop of Rome's authority. |
| Religious communities of monks dedicated to serving God. During the Middle Ages, they preserved knowledge, provided social services, and spread Christianity. | An important saint who created 'The Rule of Saint Benedict,' a set of rules and guidelines for monastic life that emphasized prayer, work, study, and communal living. |
| Abbot | What was the role of Monasteries? |
| What did monks do? | Manuscript |
| Charlemagne | Why was Charlemagne called Charles the Great? |
| Why was Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans? | Aachen |
| They took on the role of missionaries, hospitals, schools, and libraries. | The leader of a monastery. |
| A book or document written by hand. | Monks copied books long hours, often by candlelight. |
| He had goals beyond gaining power for himself. He wanted to spread Christianity and he encouraged learning. | King of the Franks, who expanded his empire, spread Christianity, and encouraged learning. He was later crowned Emperor of the Romans. |
| Charlemagne built a beautiful capital city in what is now northwestern Germany called Aachen. | He protected Pope Leo III from his enemies, demonstrating Charlemagne's power and solidifying the Pope's authority. |
| Alliance | Feudalism |
| What was feudalism? | In feudal society - the people close to the king... |
| Act of Homage | Serf |
| Manor | Why where manors often described as self-sufficient? |
| A system of government during the Middle Ages in which land is exchanged for loyalty and services. | A partnership of different countries, organizations, or people who agree to work together. |
| ...especially the nobility, were the ones who had the most important jobs. | It was a system of government in which land is exchanged for loyalty and services. |
| A farmer who is bound to the land and required to work for the lord of the manor. | The ceremony in which a man became a vassal, swearing loyalty and service to his lord. |
| Nearly everything that people needed was grown or made here. | A large country house and surrounding lands, forming a self-sufficient economic unit. |
| How did the lord of the manor and the serf benifit from one another? | Describe the three-field system |
| Nutrient | Castle |
| Moat | Keep of a castle |
| Siege | What was medieval armor made of? |
| All the cropland on an estate was divided into three fields. Each year, one field was planted in the spring, one field was planted in the fall, and one field was left fallow | The lord allowed serfs to use land and provided law, order, and protection, while the serfs provide the lord with much of their time working. |
| Fortress that provided necessary protection. | Something from a field or crop that provides what is needed to grow and live. Three-field rotation allowed fields to naturally replenish nutrients. |
| The central tower of a castle, designed as a stronghold during a siege. | A big ditch, that was often filled with water, used to protect castles. |
| Sheets of chain metal-metal rings, reinforced with plates of steel in key areas | A battle strategy used by attackers who would try to take a castle by surrounding it. |
| What was jousting? | How did the Code of Chivalry affect knights? |
| Troubadours | What was a lord like? |
| What were serfs like? | Holy day |
| Compare city life and manor estate life. | What were medieval city shops like? |
| It dictated that they should be generous, courteous, loyal, and honorable in all cases, even on the battlefield. | Using a lance to knock the opposing knight off his horse. |
| Lords where expected to protect the serfs, but if a lord treated a serf unfairly, there was little a serf could do about it. | Writers and performers who composed long songs and stories about knights and their ladies, helping to shape romantic ideals. |
| Celebrations consisting of church, knightly tournaments musical parties and dances, and sports. | They kept to simple diets; bread, vegetables, and ale/beer. Serfs often had to depend on village healers for medical care. |
| Shops were set up like market stalls opening right onto busy streets. Shops consisted of tailors, barbers, furriers, grocers carpenters, cobblers, leather tanners, and bakers. | Imagine a serf who leaves to market and sell wood. The serf runs into busy marketplaces, gangs of chilren, and various shopkeepers and clerks selling. He is Astonished! |
| Guilds | Apprentice |
| Journeyman | Describe a Masterpiece |
| What's a town charter? | In what ways had the powers of feudal lords slipped by the 1000s. |
| In what ways did women in the Middle Ages follow gender roles? | What's a convent? |
| A person who is learning a trade from a master craftsman | Associations of craftsmen or merchants that controlled the practice of their craft in a particular town. |
| A perfect example of a finished product for a given craft. (Shoes for a shoemaker.) Proof that an apprentice has the skills to be held at the standard of the guild. | A guild member who is considered qualified to work for wages in a trade. |
| Strong leaders and town characters formed a sort of counter power movement. | A document that is given to townspeople for permission to elect a town government. Only powerful merchants where allowd to vote. |
| Religious members devoted to prayer that had no restrictions on social classes. | Girls did farm work when they were very young, and adult women spent much of their time waiving and tending to crops. |
| What was one purpose that convents served? | Hildegard of Bingen |
| How did trade and learning effect women? | Why is the Battle of Hastings important? |
| William the Conqueror | Explain what led to today's English language. |
| records | What is the Domesday Book? |
| A famous composer, writer, and philosopher who is known for forming new convents after she had powerful religious visions. | Negotiators who could arrange peace for their warlike peers. |
| This changed the history of the British Isles and had a part in English language that you are reading right now. | Though rare, women could start busniesses if their husbands were to pass; however, most schools and universities were for men only at the time. |
| Common English people spoke Anglo-Saxon, the nobles spoke French. The blending of French and Anglo-Saxon created this version of mixed French and Germanic word English. | Duke of Normandy who defeated the English and became King of England. He led a conquest into England that changed the english language. |
| A survey that let William know exactly who lived and what the local rent and taxes due to him were. | Historical documents such as tapestries and books give historians a glimpse into midevil English history and events. |
| What is a successor? | What are the roles of English judges? |
| Jury | Shield tax |
| Dynasty | Becket |
| What's the role of the archbishop of Canterbury? | Feud |
| Judges travel to enforce laws based in the 6 circuits or districts of Henry's England. These judges help to keep law and order. | A person who becomes king, queen, or leader after |
| The shield tax required lords to send money in place for soldiers which could then be used to build and train Henry's personal army. | A group of people who listen to information presented during a trial in a court and make decisions about whether someone is guilty or innocent. |
| King Henry's advisor who helped him bring order to his kingdom. Because Becket was a devout catholic, he was eventually appointed archbishop of Canterbury. | The name comes from a yellow flower called Planta genista that Henry's father liked to wear as a sort of badge or emblem. |
| A long and bitter argument. | This role was greatly conflicted with The Catholic church took his new position very very seriously. |
| Excommunication | Explain Becket's death and how it led to Henry's pilgramige. |
| Explain France and Henry II, as well as Eleanor. | What was the importance of Elanor? |
| Annul | What happened between Henry, Elanor, and their sons? |
| Crusade | The reign of William I also came the start of... |
| Henry made up his mind on the issues concerning how the court ran, and for this he did all that he did. It was said that Henry even shed blood on the route there because of how cut up his feed were. | When the Church officials saw him as being on the king's side |
| She had land. She was the duchess of Aquitaine, one of the largest and richest regions of what is now France. Aquitaine was a region rich in rivers, olive groves, vineyards, wheat fields, orchards, and forests | As duchess, she was a vassal of the king of France, but she controlled more land than he did. |
| When he saw he could not defeat the barons, John agreed to meet their demands | To cancel some marriage union. |
| ...Magna Carta, created due to a failure in the English' Barons. | Religious wars during the Middle Ages in which Christians from Europe attempted to recover lands from the Muslims |
| Why is it in everyone's best interest to have democracy in modern times? | parliament |
| Model Paliment | House |
| What was 'An Unstable Situation'? | Ancstor or relative |
| Why were all the key figures in the Middle East often related? | Why was the 100s years war called the '100s years war' |
| A group meant for a place that has made up rules as they are made into those of English rules ever | If he did accept of it and their is and there had created so |
| Parliament had divided out. | The next king, Edward I, had to decide to make. With representatives. |
| Of that in whom had past and lived in those of the old ways or life | Many nobles spoke French then english. |
| the numbers for the number of reasons due to each 100 there. | It's just a series of events that are all related one way or another! |
| Economy | Territory |
| Longbow | Why did the French devlop cannons? |
| Cannon | Turn of the Tide |
| Jeanne | She simply to live the things |
| Area of the lands. | To hold to many different types of reasons that did hold to what in which was also not and also are and that do |
| Becuase those cannons would gave them all control in what was going on. | The used to hunt long and strong |
| Her actions helped the French win a war that had gone on for so long | Large and strong gun |
| They said and that the word did what must be done. | Was to free to hold a few different things. |
| Devate | What did some say about the old ways of the 'warriors'? |
| Hope is not all. | Black Death/hope in the dark. |
| Plague | Rodent |
| Explain long-term effects related to the Balck Pleauge | Laber savings |
| What said was due to all. | In was what they had |
| Black Death as all hope was. | With hope that you can use. |
| To Crawl to land on ship and bring. | Highly Contagious Disease. |
| Were just a little low or at or near the edge | When some of the communities did rebuild there some good things and that what they did have to be worth for the best what that can be. |
| In what ways did cities build themselves to recover from Black Detath and disesa. | Renaissance |
| Had to make something as more. | Gained more and the rest what can do. |