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| Why was there such enthusiasm for spices in Europe? | The Spice Islands |
| What was the role of Arab traders in the spice trade? | The Travels of Marco Polo |
| What were some motives for European exploration? | Lateen sails |
| Caravels | How did sailors determine direction when out of sight of land? |
| The Maluku Islands, located south of the Phillipines and part of present-day Indonesia. | European food was not very tasty, especially meat preserved with salt. |
| Inspired European mapmakers and explorers like Christopher Columbus. | Arab traders controlled the spice trade from 1100 to 1400, keeping the Spice Islands a secret and selling spices to Venetian merchants. |
| Triangular sails used in the Mediterranean that provided easy handling in the winds that blew along the coast. | Direct access to spices, new trade routes to avoid Turks, and general curiosity about the world. |
| They relied on the sky, using the sun's movement and navigational tools like the astrolabe and sextant. | Seaworthy vessels created by Portuguese shipbuilders combining features from northern and southern ships. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Bartolomeu Dias |
| The Cape of Good Hope | Vasco da Gama |
| Scurvy | What was Vasco da Gama's experience like in Mombasa and Mozambique? |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | Christopher Columbus's goal |
| Sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1487, discovering a route to the Indian Ocean. | Portuguese prince who supported exploration, mapmaking, and shipbuilding, but did not go on any expeditions himself. |
| Led a fleet of ships from Lisbon in 1497, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Calicut, India. | Originally named Cabo Tormentoso (Cape of Storms) by Dias. |
| The Portuguese ran into trouble with Arab traders, who felt the Portuguese were intruding on their established businesses. | A disease caused by a lack of vitamin C; common on long sea voyages. |
| To find a westward route to the East Indies. | Sailed west in 1500 and reached the coast of Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. |
| How did Columbus keep his sailors calm? | October 12, 1492 |
| The Taino tribe | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Spanish treatment of indigenous populations |
| Encomiendas | Bartolomé de Las Casas |
| Columbus and his crew made landfall in the Bahamas. | He lied about how far they had traveled, keeping the truth in a secret log. |
| An agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided newly explored territories between the two countries. | The native inhabitants of the island where Columbus landed, whom he mistakenly called 'Indians'. |
| The Spanish enslaved and mistreated indigenous peoples, leading to decreased populations. | Explored the coast of South America and was credited with recognizing it as a "New World,"; the Americas were named after him. |
| Spoke out against the enslavement and mistreatment of indigenous people and is admired for his stand against exploitation. | A system where Spanish settlers were given land and enslaved workers. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Strait of Magellan |
| What happened to Magellan on his journey? | John Cabot |
| The Northwest Passage | Sir Francis Drake |
| Defeat of the Spanish Armada | First permanent English Settlement in North America |
| A narrow strait near the southern tip of South America that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. | Led an expedition that circumnavigated the globe. |
| Sailed on a voyage for England looking for a northwest passage to the Indies. | Magellan was killed in the Philippine Islands but his remaining crew completed the journey home circumnavigating the globe. |
| English explorer, pirate, and sea captain who raided Spanish ships and ports. | A sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America. |
| Jamestown in 1607 | Marked a change in the balance of sea power. |
| Plymouth settle by Pilgrims | Why did the English settle along the Atlantic Coast? |
| French Exploration | New France |
| Effects of King Henry's death | Cape Town |
| Henry Hudson | New Netherland |
| For wealth, religious freedom, and unlimited opportunities for themselves and their children. | 1620 |
| Key activity was fur trading | The French's key explorer was Samuel de Champlain. |
| The Dutch founded the colony of Cape Town as a rest stop en route to Java. | Portugal and Spain were brought together under the rule of the Spanish King Phillip II. |
| Was taken over by the English and renamed it New York. | Sailed for the Dutch eventually claiming land for the Netherlands. |
| Slavery | Middle Passage |
| Growth of slavery in the colonies | |
| The trip to the Americas from Africa via ship. | European's used their power and wealth to spread slavery on a vast scale. |
| Slavery spread more in the South due to tobacco and rice needing many workers. | |