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| Identify the artist, title, date, and medium of the monumental Greek temple dedicated to Athena on the Acropolis. | Explain the concept of 'Contrapposto' in the context of Ancient Greek sculpture. |
| What architectural innovation allowed for the massive unreinforced concrete dome of the Roman Pantheon? | Identify the artist, title, and significance of the Renaissance fresco that utilizes one-point linear perspective to organize a gathering of philosophers. |
| Define 'Chiaroscuro' and 'Sfumato' as utilized by Leonardo da Vinci. | Identify the artist, title, and movement of the 1656 painting depicting the Spanish Royal family and the artist himself. |
| What is the significance of the Great Stupa at Sanchi in Buddhist art? | Identify the artist, title, and artistic movement of the 1849 work that depicts laborers breaking stones. |
| A weight shift or 'counterpose' where the weight is shifted onto one leg, creating a naturalistic 'S-curve' in the body. This replaced the rigid, archaic stance and is exemplified in Polykleitos's Doryphoros. | Iktinos and Kallikrates (architects), Phidias (sculptor); The Parthenon; c. 447–432 B.C.E.; Pentelic marble. It represents the height of Classical Greek architecture and the power of the Delian League. |
| Raphael; School of Athens; 1509–1511 C.E.; Fresco. Located in the Stanza della Segnatura, it synthesizes classical philosophy with Christian thought, featuring Plato and Aristotle as central figures. | The use of a coffered ceiling to reduce weight, a central oculus for light and structural relief, and a graded concrete mix that became lighter (using pumice) as it reached the top. |
| Diego Velázquez; Las Meninas; 1656 C.E.; Oil on canvas. It is a masterpiece of the Baroque era, exploring the complex relationship between the viewer, the artist, and the royal subjects. | Chiaroscuro is the dramatic use of light and dark to create 3D volume; Sfumato ('smoky') is the subtle blending of colors and tones to create soft, hazy transitions without harsh outlines, as seen in the Mona Lisa. |
| Gustave Courbet; The Stone Breakers; 1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945); Oil on canvas. It is a seminal work of Realism, rejecting Neoclassical idealism for the gritty reality of the working class. | It is a reliquary mound containing the Buddha's ashes. Its hemispherical shape represents the cosmos, and its four toranas (gateways) are carved with scenes from the Buddha's life (Jataka tales). |
| Describe the formal characteristics of the 'Doric' Greek architectural order. | Identify the artist, title, and date of the work that marked the beginning of Cubism by fracturing the human form. |
| What is the primary function and context of the 'Great Ziggurat of Ur'? | Identify the artist and the specific technique used in 'The Starry Night' (1889). |
| Compare Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles. | Identify the artist, title, and location of the Baroque ceiling fresco that uses 'di sotto in sù' perspective. |
| Define 'Tenebrism' and name the artist most famous for its use in the Baroque period. | Identify the title, culture, and date of the prehistoric work found in a cave in France depicting animals. |
| Pablo Picasso; Les Demoiselles d'Avignon; 1907 C.E.; Oil on canvas. It incorporates African mask motifs and breaks the figure into geometric planes, rejecting traditional perspective. | The simplest order, featuring sturdy, fluted columns that sit directly on the stylobate without a base, simple unadorned capitals, and a frieze containing alternating triglyphs and metopes. |
| Vincent van Gogh; Post-Impressionism. He used thick 'impasto' brushwork and rhythmic, swirling lines to express intense emotional and spiritual states rather than objective reality. | A Mesopotamian (Sumerian) religious temple platform built c. 2100 B.C.E. It was intended to bridge the gap between earth and the gods, with a temple at the top for the patron deity Nanna. |
| Giovanni Battista Gaulli; Triumph of the Name of Jesus; 1676–1679 C.E.; Fresco and stucco; Il Gesù, Rome. It creates an illusionistic 'burst' into heaven, blurring the line between architecture and painting. | Romanesque features thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches; Gothic emphasizes height and light via pointed arches, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, and large stained-glass windows (e.g., Chartres). |
| Great Hall of the Bulls; Lascaux, France; 15,000–13,000 B.C.E.; Rock painting. These works likely served ritualistic or shamanistic purposes related to hunting/fertility. | Tenebrism is a style of painting with extreme contrasts of light and dark, where darkness becomes a dominating feature to create drama. Developed by Caravaggio (e.g., Calling of St. Matthew). |
| What is the 'Standard of Ur' and what do its two sides represent? | Identify the artist, title, and significance of the Neoclassical painting depicting the brothers Horatii. |
| What are the three main components of an Islamic Mosque as seen in the Great Mosque of Isfahan? | Identify the artist and the primary subject of 'The Steerage' (1907). |
| Describe the significance of the 'Bayeux Tapestry'. | Who was the architect of the Villa Savoye, and what are his 'Five Points of Architecture'? |
| Identify the culture and material of the 'Statues of votive figures' from Tell Asmar. | What stylistic movement is Marcel Duchamp's 'Fountain' associated with, and what is its concept? |
| Jacques-Louis David; Oath of the Horatii; 1784 C.E.; Oil on canvas. It emphasizes civic duty, patriotism, and rationalism through clear linear composition and lack of visible brushstrokes. | A Sumerian artifact (c. 2600–2400 B.C.E.) made of wood, shell, lapis lazuli, and limestone. Its two sides represent 'War' (defeat of enemies) and 'Peace' (a victory banquet). |
| Alfred Stieglitz; A photograph capturing the class divisions and geometric shapes of a steamship, advocating for 'straight photography' as a high art form. | The Qibla wall (facing Mecca), the Mihrab (niche indicating direction), and the Minaret (tower for the call to prayer). Isfahan is also known for its four-iwan plan. |
| Le Corbusier (1929). The points are: 1. Pilotis (stilts), 2. Open floor plan, 3. Free facade, 4. Ribbon windows, 5. Roof garden. This is a hallmark of the International Style. | 1066–1080 C.E.; Embroidery on linen. It is a secular narrative work documenting the Norman conquest of England and the Battle of Hastings from a pro-Norman perspective. |
| Dada; 'Readymade.' It challenged the definition of art by asserting that an artist’s choice and conceptual framing are more important than the physical manufacture of the object. | Sumerian (Early Dynastic); Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone. The wide eyes represent eternal wakefulness and devotion to the gods. |
| Identify the artist, title, and movement of the 1931 painting featuring melting clocks. | Describe the 'Amarna Period' of Egyptian art and name its representative pharaoh. |
| Identify the artist, title, and medium of the Pop Art work featuring 50 images of a famous actress. | What is the function of a 'Nkisi n’kondi' (Power Figure) from the Kongo people? |
| Identify the artist and movement associated with 'No. 11 (Blue Poles)'. | Identify the architect and significance of the 'Fallingwater' residence. |
| What are 'Ukiyo-e' prints, and which specific work by Hokusai is in the AP 250? | Identify the artist and title of the 1767 Rococo painting featuring a woman in a pink dress on a swing. |
| Pharaoh Akhenaten; A short-lived stylistic shift from rigid, idealized forms to more fluid, elongated, and naturalistic depictions, reflecting a change to monotheism (worship of Aten). | Salvador Dalí; The Persistence of Memory; Surrealism. It uses 'hand-painted dream photographs' to explore the subconscious and the irrationality of time. |
| Wood and metal; used to swear oaths, seal contracts, or punish wrongdoers. Nails or blades were driven into the wood to 'provoke' the spirit into action. | Andy Warhol; Marilyn Diptych; 1962 C.E.; Oil, acrylic, and silkscreen enamel on canvas. It critiques celebrity worship and mass production. |
| Frank Lloyd Wright; 1935 C.E.; Bear Run, Pennsylvania. It exemplifies 'Organic Architecture,' integrating the structure into the natural landscape and waterfall via cantilevered balconies. | Jackson Pollock; Abstract Expressionism (Action Painting). It emphasizes the physical act of painting through 'drip' techniques and an 'all-over' composition. |
| Jean-Honoré Fragonard; The Swing; Oil on canvas. It epitomizes the Rococo style through its lighthearted theme, pastel colors, and ornate, swirling garden setting. | Ukiyo-e means 'pictures of the floating world' (Japanese woodblock prints). The work is 'Under the Wave off Kanagawa' (The Great Wave), c. 1830–1833 C.E. |
| What is the historical significance of the 'Narmer Palette' (c. 3000–2920 B.C.E.)? | Describe the 'Golden Ratio' as applied to the Parthenon. |
| Identify the artist and the technique used in 'A Sunday on La Grande Jatte' (1884–1886). | What are the 'Codex Mendoza' and its historical purpose? |
| Identify the artist, title, and movement of the 19th-century work depicting a wild sea with a sunset and a dark ship. | Define the significance of 'The Arnolfini Portrait' (1434) by Jan van Eyck. |
| Identify the location and significance of 'Stonehenge'. | Who was the sculptor of the 'Ecstasy of Saint Teresa' and how does it represent the Baroque? |
| A mathematical ratio (approx. 1:1.618) believed to produce the most aesthetically pleasing proportions. The Greeks used it to create harmony and balance in their architecture. | It commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. It established the Egyptian artistic canon, including the use of registers and hierarchical scale. |
| c. 1541–1542 C.E.; An Aztec manuscript commissioned by Spanish viceroys to record the history, tribute, and daily life of the Aztecs for the Spanish King. | Georges Seurat; Pointillism (or Divisionism). He used tiny dots of complementary colors that would blend in the viewer's eye to create more luminous tones. |
| Northern Renaissance; Oil on wood. Known for its incredible detail, complex symbolism (dog = fidelity, shoes off = holy ground), and early mastery of the oil medium. | J.M.W. Turner; Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying...); 1840 C.E.; Romanticism. It uses sublime color to critique the horrors of the slave trade. |
| Gian Lorenzo Bernini; It uses dramatic lighting (hidden window), theatrical staging, and intense emotional/physical expression to engage the viewer in the Counter-Reformation spirit. | Wiltshire, UK; c. 2550–1600 B.C.E.; Sandstone. A Neolithic megalithic structure utilizing post-and-lintel construction, likely serving as an astronomical observatory and burial site. |
| Identify the medium and culture of 'The Kaaba'. | What characterizes 'The International Gothic Style'? |
| Identify the artist, title, and movement of the painting depicting a woman amidst blurred crowds and fruit at a counter. | Explain the significance of the 'Terracotta warriors' from the mausoleum of the first Qin emperor of China. |
| Identify the artist and title of the 1863 work that caused a scandal at the Salon des Refusés. | |
| Prevalent in the late 14th/early 15th centuries; characterized by elegant, elongated figures, rich decorative detail, high-horizon landscapes, and the use of precious materials. | Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread; Islamic (Mecca, Saudi Arabia). It is the holiest site in Islam, the destination of the Hajj. |
| c. 221–206 B.C.E.; Over 8,000 individualized life-size figures designed to protect Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife, showing the immense power and organization of the First Emperor. | Édouard Manet; A Bar at the Folies-Bergère; 1882 C.E.; Impressionism/Transition to Modernism. It uses an ambiguous mirror reflection to comment on urban alienation. |
| Édouard Manet; Olympia; Oil on canvas. It challenged the tradition of the reclining nude by portraying a contemporary prostitute with a direct, confrontational gaze. | |